【要闻】2014年考研英语(一)试题(完善版)

本篇文章20426字，读完约51分钟

readthefollowingtext.choosethebestword ( s ) foreachnumberedblankandmarka，b，c or d on answer sheet. (10 points )

as many people hit middle age， theyoftenstarttonoticethattheirmemoryandmentalclarityarenotwhattheyusedtobe.wesuddenlycan’tre member1weputthekeysjustmone ago， oranoldacquaintance’sname，orthenameofanoldbandweusedtolove.as the brain 2， werefertotheseoccurencesasseniormonment3seemingly innocent，thislossofmentalfocuscanpotentiallyhavea ( n )4impactonourprofesional

neuroscientists，expertswhostudythenervoussystem， areincreasinglyshowingthatthere’sactuallyalotthatcanbedone.it6outthatthatthebrainneedsexerciseinmuchthesamewayourmusclesdo， andtherightmental7cansignificantlyimproveourbasiccognitive8. thinkingisessentialya9ofmakingconnectionsinthebrain.toceriation t ourabilityto 10 inmakingtheconnectionsthatdriveintelligenceisinherited.11 _ _，becausetheseconectionsaremadethore

now，anew web-basedcompanyhastakenitastep _ _ 13 _ _ anddevelopedthefirst " braintrainingprogram " designedtoactualyhep

the web-based program 15 youtosystematicallyimproveyourmemoryandattentionskills.theprogramkeeps 16 ofyourprogressandprovidesdeation mprovement.mostimportantly，it18 modifiesandenhancesthegamesyouplayto 19 onthestrengthsyouaredeveloping-much like a ( n ) 20 exercise

1. [a] where [b]when [c] that [d] why

2.[ a ] improves [ b ] fades [ c ] recover [ d ] collapses

3.[ a ] unless [ b ] while [ c ] once [ d ] if

4.[ a ] damaging [ b ] limited [ c ] uneven [ d ] obscure

5.[ a ] relationship [ b ] environment [ c ] welling [ d ] outlook

6.[ a ] figures [ b ] finds [ c ] points [ d ] turns

7.[ a ]响应[ b ] round about [ c ] workouts [ d ] associations

8.[ a ] genre [ b ] criterion [ c ] circumstances [ d ] functions

9.[ a ] channel [ b ] sequence [ c ] process [ d ] condition

10.[ a ] feature [ b ] excel [ c ] persist [ d ] believe

11. [a] however [b]moreover

[c]otherwise [d] therefore

12.[ a ] instead of [ b ] according [ c ] apart from [ d ] regardless

13.[ a ] further [ b ] back [ c ] aside [ d ] around

14.[ a ]框架[ b ]状态[ c ] flexibility [ d ] sharpness

15.[ a ] Hurries [ b ] Reminds [ c ] Allows [ d ] Forces

16.[ a ] hold [ b ] track [ c ] order [ d ] pace

17. [a] to [b]with [c] for [d] on

18.[ a ] constantly [ b ] habitually [ c ] irregularly [ d ] unusualy

19.[ a ] put [ b ] carry [ c ] build [ d ] take

20.[ a ] idle [ b ] familiar [ c ] risky [ d ] effective

section ii reading comprehension

部件a

directions :

readthefollowingfourtexts.answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosinga，b，cord.markyouranswersonanswersheet.( 40 point )

text 1

in order to " changelivesforthebetter " and reduce " dependency." George Osborne，chancellor of the exchequer， introduced the " upfrontworksearch " scheme.onlyifthejoblessarriveatthejobcentrewithacv，register for the online job search， andstartlookingforworkwilltheybeeligibleforbenefit-andthentheyshouldreportweklyratherthanfortnightly.whatcouldbemoreason

moreapparentreasonablenessfollowed.therewillnowbeaseven-daywaitforthejobseeker ' sallow ance." thosefirstfewdayshoulbe。 r work，notlooking to sign on." he claimed，" we ' redoingthesethingsbecauseweknowtheyhelppeoplestayoffbenefitsandhelpthoseben really？ on first hearing，thiswasthesociallyconcernedchancellor，tryingtochangelivesforthebetter， complete with " reforms " toanobviouslyindulgentsystemthatdemandstoolittleeffortfromthenewlyunemployedtofindwork，andsubsidisesla weweretounderstandwashiszealfor " fundamental fairness "-protectingthetaxpayer，controllingspendingandensuringthatonlythemostdess

losingajobishurting:youdon’tskipdowntothejobcentrewithasonginyourheart， delightedattheprospectofdoublingyourincomefromthegenerousstate.itisfinancialyterrifying，psychologicallyembarrassingandyoukno youarenowexcludedfromtheworkenvironmentthatofferspurposeandstructureinyourlife.worse， thecrucialincometofeedyourselfandyourfamilyandpaythebillshasdisappeared.askanyonewlyunemployedwhattheywandtheandanswerilsla

but in osborneland， yourfirstinstinctistofallintodependency-permanentdependencyifyoucangetit–supportedbyastateonlytooreadytoindulgeyourfalsohes it ugherreformsofthejobsearchandbenefitadministrationsystemneverhappened.theprincipleofbritishwefall。 olongerthatyoucaninsureyourselfagainsttheriskofunemploymentandreceiveunconditionalpaymentsifthedisasterhappens.eventheveryphyy isaboutredefiningtheunemployedasa“job seeker”whohadnofundamentalrighttobenefitheorshehasearnedthogruge nalinsurancecontribute theclaimantreceivesatime-limited“allow ance”，conditionalonactivelyseekingajob:noentitlementandnoinsurance，at¥71.70aweek，ond

21.George Osborne’sschemewasintendedto

[ a ] providetheunemployedwitheasieraccesstobenefits。

[ b ] encourage job seeker’sactiveengagementinjobseeking。

[ c ] motivatetheunemployedtoreportvoluntarily。

[ d ] guarantee job seekers’legitimaterighttobenefit。

22.the phase “to sighon”(line 3，para.2)most probably means

[ a ] tocheckontheavailabilityofjobsatthejobcentre。

[ b ] toacceptthegovernment’srestrictionsonthegovernment。

[ c ] toregisterforanallowancefromthegovernment。

[ d ] toattendagovernmentaljob -培训程序。

23.whatpromptedthechancellortodevelophisscheme？

[ a ] adesiretosecureabetterlifeforall。

[ b ] aneagernesstoprotecttheunemployed

[ c ] anurgetobegeneroustotheclaimants。

[ d ] apassiontoensurefairnessfortaxpayers。

24.according to paragraph3，being unemployed makes one feel

[a]uneasy。

[b]enraged

[c]insulted

[d]guilty

25.towhichofthefollowingwouldtheauthormostprobablyagree？

[ a ] thebritishwelfaresystemindulgesjobseekers’laziness。

[ b ] Osborne’sreformwillreducetheriskofunemployment。

[ c ] the job seekers’allowancehasmettheiractualneeds。

[ d ] unemploymentbenefitsshouldnotbemadeconditional。

text 2

all around theworld，lawyersgeneratemorehostilitythanthemembersofanyotherprofession-- withthepossibleexceptionofjournalism.button

duringthedecadebeforetheeconomiccrisis， spendingonlegalservicesinamericagrewtwiceasfastasinflation.thebestlawyersmadeskyscrapers-fullofmoney.temptingevermorestution lawgraduatesnevergetabig-firm job.manyoftheminsteadbecomethekindofnuisance-lawsuitfilerthakat。

therearemanyreasonsforthis.oneistheexcessivecostsofalegaleducation.thereisjustonepathforalawyerinmostamericanstates； a four-yearundergraduatedegreeinsomeunrelatedsubject，thenathree-yearlawdegreeatoneof 200 lawschoolsauthorizedbytheamericanbara aves today’saveragelaw-schoolgraduatewith $ 100，000 ofdebtontopofundergraduatedebts.law-schooldebtmeansthattheyhavewito

reformingthesystemwouldhelpbothlawyersandtheircustomers.sensibleideashavebeenaroundforalongtime， but the state-levelbodiesthatgoverntheprofessionhavebeentooconservativetoimplementthem.oneideaistoallowpeopletostudylawasun gra tstudentssitforthebarafteronlytwoyearsoflawschool.ifthebarexamistrulyasternenoughtestforwold be lawyer， thosewhocansititearliershouldbeallowedtodoso.studentswhodoneedtheextratraining couldcuttheirdebtmountainbyathird。

theotherreasonwhycostsaresohighistherestrictiveguild-likeownershipstructureofthebusiness.exceptinthedistrictofcolumbia， non-lawyersmaynotownanyshareofalawfirm.thiskeepsfeeshighandinnovationslow.thereispressureforchangefromwithintheprofesion buth egulatorsinsistthatkeepingoutsidersoutofalawfirmisolateslawyersfromthepresuretomakemoneyratherher

in fact，allowing non-lawyerstoownsharesinlawfirmswouldreducecostsandimproveservicestocustomers， byencouraginglawfirmstousetechnologyandtoemployprofessionalmanagerstofocusonimprovingfirms’efficiency.after all， otherconur such as australiaand Britain，havestaredliberalizingtheirlegalprofessions.americashouldfollow。

26.alotofstudentstakeuplawastheirprofessiondueto

[a] the growing demand from clients

[ b ] theincreasingpressureofinflation

[ c ] theprospectofworkinginbigfirms

[ d ] theattractionoffinancialrewards

27.whichofthefollowingaddstothecostsoflegaleducationinmostamericanstates？

[ a ] highertuitionfeesforundergraduatestudies

[ b ] receivingtrainingbyprofessionalassociations

[ c ] admissionsapprovalfromthebarassociation

[ d ] pursuingabachelorsdegreeinanothermajor

28.hindrancetothereformofthelegalsystemoriginatesfrom

[ a ] therigidbodiesgoverningtheprofession

[ b ] lawyers’and clients’strong resistance

[ c ] thesternexamforwould-be lawyers。

[ d ] non-professionals’sharp criticism

29.the guild-likeownershipstructureisconsidered“restrictive”partly because

[ a ] preventslawyersfromgainingdueprofits。

[ b ] bans outsiders’involvementintheprofession。

[ c ] aggravatestheethicalsituationinthetrade。

[ d ] keepslawyersformliddinglaw-firm shares。

30. in the text，the author mainly discusses。

[ a ] thefactorsthathelpmakeasuccessfullawyerinamerica。

[ b ] aprobleminamerica’slegalprofessionardsolutionstoit。

[ c ] theroleundergraduatestudiesinamerica’slegaleducation。

[ d ] flawedownershipofamerica’slawfirmsanditscauses。

text 3

theus millionfundamentalphysicsisindeedaninterestingexperiment， asalexanderpolyakovsaidwhenheacceptedthisyear’sawardinmarch.andisfairfromtheonlyoneofthistype.asanewfeaturearticlenan e discu astringoflucrativeawardsforresearchavejoinedthenobelprizesinrecentyears.many， like the fundamental physics prize arefundedfromthetelephones-number-sizedbankaccountsofinternetentrepreneurs.thesebenefactorsha ent andtheywanttousetheirwealthtodrawattentiontothosewhohavesucceededinscience。

what’snottolike？ quite a lot，accordingtoahandfulofscientistsquotedinthenewsfeature.youcannotbuyclass， as the old saying goes andtheseupstartentrepreneurscannotbuytheirprizestheprestigeofthenobels.thenewardsareanexerciseinself-proo say scientists.theycoulddistorttheachievement-basedsystemofpeer-review-led research.theycouldcementthestatusquofper theydonou

thegoalsoftheprize-giversseemasscatteredasthecriticism.somewanttoshock，others to draw people intoscience，ortobeterrewatd。

as nature

has pointed out before， thereeresomelegitimateconcernsabouthowscienceprize-bothnewandold–aredistributed.thebreakthroughprizeinlifesciences launched t takesanunrepresentativeviewofwhatthelifescienceinclude.butthenobelfoundation’slimitthreerecipientsper each of whom must still be Li haslongbeenoutgrownbythecollaborativenatureofmodernresearch–aswillbedemonstratedbytheinevitablerowoverwhoisignoredwhenitcoment veryofthehiggsboson.thenobelwere，of course，themselvessetupbyaveryrichinpidualwhohaddecidedwhathewantedtodowithisownmoney。

asmuchassomesciencemaycomplainaboutthenewawards，two things seem clear. first， mostresearcherswouldacceptsuchaprizeoftheywereofferedone.second， itissurelyagoodthingthatthemoneyandattentioncometosciencerathergoelsewhere.itisfairtocriticizeandquestionthemechanism-that that after all-butistheprize-givers’moneytodowithastheyplease.itiswisetotakesuchgiftswithgratidate

31.thefundamentalphysicsprizeisseenas

[ a ] asymboloftheentrepreneurs’wealth。

[ b ] ahandsomerewardforresearchers。

[ c ] apossiblereplacementofthenobelprizes。

[ d ] anexampleofbankers’investments。

32.thecriticsthinkthatthenewawardswillmostbenefit

[ a ] the profit-oriented scientists。

[ b ] the achievement -基于系统。

[c] the founders of the new awards

[d] peer-review-led research。

33.thediscoveryofthehiggsbosonisatypicalcasewhichinvolves

[ a ] legitimateconcernsoverthenewprizes。

[ b ] controversiesovertherecipients ' sstatus。

[ c ] thejointeffortofmodernresearchers。

[ d ] thedemonstrationofresearchfinding。

34. according to paragraph 4，whichofthefollowingistrueofthenobels？

[ a ] historyhasnevercastdoubtonthem。

[ b ] theirendurancehasdonejusticetothem。

[ c ] theyarethemostrepresentativehonor。

[ d ] theirlegitimacyhaslongbeenindispute。

35.theauthorbelievesthatthenewawardsare

[a] unworthy of public attention。

[b] subject to undesirable changes。

[ c ] harmfultothecultureofresearch。

[ d ] acceptabledespitethecriticism。

text 4

the hear of the matter，“the just–releasedreportbytheamericanacademyofartsandsciences ( AAS )”， deservespraiseforaffirmingtheimportanceofthehumanitiesandsocialsciencestotheprosperityandsecurityofliberaldemocracyinameria.a the report’sfailuretoaddressthetruenatureofthecrisisfacingliberaleducationmaycausemoreharmthangod。

in，leadingcongressionaldemocratsandrepublicanssentletterstotheaasaskingthatitidentifyactionsthatcouldbetakenby“Federal”，Stas universities，foundations，educators，inpidualbenefactorandothersto“maintainnationalexclel”。 in response，theamericanacademyformedthecommissiononthehumanitiesandsocialscience.amongthecommission’s51 membersaretop-tier -。 lawyers，judges，andbusinessexecutivesaswellasprominentfiguresfromdiplomacy，filmmaking，music and journalism。

thegoalsidentifiedinthereportaregenerallyadmirable.becauserepresentativegovernmentpresuposesaninformedcitizenry， the report stressesthestudyofhistoryandgovernment，particularlyamericanhistoryandamericangovernment； andencouragestheuseofnewdigitaltechnologies.toencourageinnovationandcompetition， thereportcallsforincreasedinvestmentinserver thecraftingofcoherentcurriculathatimprovestudents’abilitytosolveproblemsandcomuns century，increasedfundingforteachersandtheencouragementofscholarstobringgreaterstudyofforeignlanguages，internationalaffairsans

unfortunately，despite 2.5 years in themaking， " theheartofthematter " nevergetstotheheartofthematter:theilliberalnatureofliberaleducationatourleadingcollegesanduniverition " veraldecadesamerica ' scollegesanduniversitieshaveproducedgraduateswhodon ' tknowthecontentandcharactection.s raleducationandares adly，thespiritofinquiryonceathomeoncampushasbeenreplacedbytheuseofthehumanitiesandsocialsciencesasvehiclesforpublicizing " p

today professorsroutinelytreattheprogressiveinterpretationofhistoryandprogressivepublicpolicyasthepropersubjectofstudywhileports calliberalideas-suchasfreemarketsandself-reliance-asfallingoutsidetheboundariesofroutine，andsomethingles

theaasdisplaysgreatenthusiasmforliberaleducation.yetitsreportmaywellsetbackreformbyobscuringthedepthandbreadthofthechalenges

36. according to paragraph1，whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardtheaas’s report？

[ a ]严重

[ b ]应用程序

[c] contemptuous

[d]tolerant

37.influentialfiguresinthecongressrequiredthattheaasreportonhowto

[ a ] definethegovernment’sroleineducation

[ b ] safeguard inpiduals’rightstoeducation

[ c ] retain people’sinterestinliberaleducation

[ d ] keepaleadingpositioninliberaleducation

38. according to paragraph 3，the report suggests

[ a ] anexclusivestudyofamericanhistory。

[ b ] agreateremphasisontheoreticalsubjects。

[ c ] theapplicationofemergingtechnologies。

[ d ] fundingforthestudyofforeignlanguages。

39.theauthorimpliesinparagraph5thatprofessorsare

[a] supportive of free markets

[ b ] conservativeaboutpublicpolicy。

[ c ] biasedagainstclassicalliberalideas。

[ d ] cautiousaboutintellectualinvestigation。

40.whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext？

[ a ] Waystograsp“theheartofthematter”。

[ b ] illiberaleducationand“theheartofthematter”。

[ c ] the AAAS’scontributiontoliberaleducation

[ d ] progressivepolicyvsliberaleducation

部件b

directions :

thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.for questions 41-45， youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherenttextbychoosingfromthelista-gandfillingthemintothenumberedboxes.p agrage

[ a ] somearchaeologicalsiteshavealwaysbeeneasilyobservable-for example，the parthenon in athens，greece， thepyramidsofgizainegyptandthemegalithsofstonehengeinsouthernengland.butthesesitesareexceptionstothenorm.mostarchaologation h refulsearching，whilemanyothershavebeendiscoveredbyaccident.olduvaigorge， anearlyhominidsitation wasfoundbyabutterflyhunterwholiteralyfellintoitsdeepvalleyin 1911.thousandsofaztecartifactscametolightdue

[b] in another case， americanarchaeologistsrenemillionandgeorgecowgillspentyearssystematicalymappingtheentirecityofteotihuacaninthevalleyofmexino Atta akaroundad600，thiscitywasoneofthelargesthumansettlementsintheworld.theresearchersmappednotonlythecity’svastandornateceremons

[ c ] howdoarchaeologistsknowwheretofindwhattheyarelookingforwhereisnothingvisibleonthesurfaceoftheground？ typically，theysurveyandsample ( maketestexcavationson ) largeareasofterraintodeterminewhereexcavationwillyieldusefulinformation.surveysandtestsampleshavealsobecomeimportantforunder g

[ d ] surveyscancoverasinglelargesettlementorentirelandscapes.inone case， manyresearchersworkingaroundtheancientmayacityofcof Honduras是havelocatedhundredsofsmallruralvillagesandinpidualdwellingsbyusis ymakingsurveysonfoot.therevalungesing ntmapsshowhowthedistributionanddensityoftheruralpopulationaroundthecitychangeddramaticall

[e] to find their sites， archaeologiststodayrelyheavilyonsystematicsurveymethodsandavarietyofhigh-technologytoolsandtechniques.airborne technologies sus andphotographicequipmentcarriedbyairplanesorspacecraft.allowarchaeologiststolearnaboutwhatliensbend hegroundwithoutdigging.aee easofinterestorlargerburiedfeatures，suchas ancient buildings or fields。

[f]most archaeologicalsites、however、 arediscoveredbyarchaeologistswhohavesetouttolookforthem.suchsearchescantakeyears.britisharchaeologistshowardcarterknewthat bot hamunexistedfrominformationfoundinothersites.cartersiftedthroughrubbleinthevaleyofthekingsforver earsbeforehelocatedthetombin 1 archaeologistssirarthurevanscombedantiquedealers’storesinathens Greece.hewassearchingfortinyengravedsealsattributedtotheancies natedgreecefromthe 1400 sto 1200 SBC.verece terpretationsoftheseengravingseventuallyhimtofindtheminoanpalaceatknossos ( Knossos )，OS

[ g ] groundsurveysallowarchaeologiststopinpointtheplaceswheredigswillbesuccessful.mostgroundsurveysinvolvealotofwalking， lookingforsurfacecluessuchissmallfragmentsofpottery.theyoftenincludeacertainamountofdiggingtotestforburiedmaterialsatselectectec chaeologistsalsomaylocateburiedremainsbyusingsuchtechnologiesasgroundradar， magnetic-field recording andmetaldetectors.archaeologistscommonlyusecomputerstomapsiteandthelandscapesaroundsites.two-and thrr ng excavations，illustratinghow sites look，andpresentingtheresultsofarchaeologicalresearch。

41→a→42→e→43→44→44→45

section iii translation

directions :

readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintochinese.yourtranslationshouldbewritenclearlyonanser

musicmeansdifferentthingstodifferentpeopleandsometimesevendifferentthingstothesamepersonatdifferentmomentsofhislife.itmighbt sensual，ormathematical，but in any case it must，in my view， havesomethingtodowiththesoulofthehumanbeng.butthemeansofexpressionispurelyandexclusivelyphysical:sound.ibelieveitisprecise ofmetaphysicalsems ughphysicalmeansthatisthestrengthofmusic.( 46 ) itisalsothereasonwhywhenwetrytodescribemusicwithwords，allwecs

Beethoven’simportanceinmusichasbeenprincipallydefinedbytherevolutionarynatureofhiscompositions.hefreedmusicfromhitheropero Vero e.sometimesifeelinhislateworksawilltobreakallsignsofcontinuity.themusicisabruptandseminglydision CTED，asinthelastpianosonata hedidnotfeelrestrainedbytheweightofconvention.( 47 ) byallaccountshewasafreethinkingperson，and acourageous one， andifindcourageanessentialqualityfortheunderstanding，let alone the performance，of his works。

thiscourageousattitudeinfactbecomesarequirementfortheperformersofbeethoven’s music.hiscompositionsdemandtheperformertoshowcow cs.( 48 ) Beethoven’shabitofincreasingthevolumewithanintensecrescendoandthenabruptlyfollowingitwithasuddensoftpassagewasonlyres

beethovenwasadeeplypoliticalmaninthebroadestsenseoftheword.hewasnotinterestedindailypolitics， butconcernedwithquestionsofmoralbehaviourandthelargerquestionsofrightandwrongaffectingtheentiresociety.( 49 ) especiallysignifie which，for him，wasassociatedwitherightsandresponsibilitiesoftheinpidual:hae

Beethoven’smusictendstomovefromchaostoorderasiforderwereanimperativeofhumanexistence.for HIM， orderdoesnotresultfromforgetes order is a necessary development， animprovementthatmayleadtothegreekidealofcatharsis.itisnotbychancethatthefuneralmarchisnotthelastmovementoftheeroicasymphony ) sothatsufferingdoesnothavethelastword.( 50 ) onecouldparaphrasemuchoftheworkofbeethovenbysayingthatsufferingisinevitable，base

section iv writing

部件a

51. directions :

writealetterofabout 100 wordstothepresidentofyouruniversity，suggestinghowtoimprovestudentsphysicalcondition。

youshouldincludethedetailsontheyouthinknecessary。

youshouldwriteneatlyontheanswersheet。

donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.use“liming”instead。

do not write the address (10points )

部件b

52. directions :

writeanessayof 160-200 wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.inyouressayyoushould

1) describethe drawing briefly

2) explainits intended meaning，and

3) give yourcomments

youshouldwriteneatlyonanswersheet.( 20 points )

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